- traces backs to Renaissance commonplace books and Niklas Luhmann’s Zettelkasten.
- which effectively acted as a physical personal knowledge graph with linked notes
The Three Waves of PKGs:

- Quasi-Personal Graphs (First Wave):
- Using existing silos (emails, documents) but connecting them only within our minds.
- Proto-Personal Graphs (Second Wave):
- The current explosion of PKM tools like Roam Research, where data is tightly coupled with a specific application .
- Real Personal Knowledge Graphs (Third Wave):
- The future vision of decentralized systems where data is decoupled from applications, fully owned by the user, and applications act as “visiting magicians”.
Benefits and Future:
- PKGs allow for “serendipity on demand,” enabling unexpected connections between ideas.
- The future lies in interpersonal knowledge graphs and open protocols like Noosphere, moving towards a “Web of Source”